Antarktída
Antarktída alebo zastarano Antarktis (z gréckeho ἀνταρκτικός, to je „opak Arktídy“, resp. „protiľahlá voči Arktíde“) je najjužnejší svetadielnachádzajúci sa okolo južného pólu Zeme. Je takmer celá trvalo zaľadnená a zaberá plochu 13,2 mil. km². Obklopujú ju okrajové moriaAtlantického oceánu, Tichého oceánu a Indického oceánu. Je to najchladnejší svetadiel, má spomedzi všetkých svetadielov najväčšiu priemernú nadmorskú výšku (2 280 m n. m.) a najnižšiu priemernú vlhkosť vzduchu. Nemá žiadne stále obyvateľstvo. Antarktída je medzinárodnou oblasťou, iba na ostrovoch majú niektoré štáty meteorologické alebo rybárske základne.
Geografia
Naprieč Antarktídou sa tiahne Transantarktické pohorie, ktoré ju rozdeľuje na západnú a východnú časť. Východná Antarktída je prevažne na východnej pologuli. Zahŕňa Zem kráľovnej Maud, Nové Švábsko, Enderbyho zem, Mac Robertsonovu zem, Americkú vysočinu,Sovietsku plošinu, Wilkesovu zem a Viktóriinu zem. Skalný podklad východnej Antarktídy leží prevažne nad hladinou mora. Západná Antarktída je výlučne na západnej pologuli. Zahŕňa Zem Márie Byrdovej, Polostrov Eduarda VII., Pohorie výkonného výboru, Thurstonov polostrov, Ellsworthovu zem, Palmerovu zem a Antarktický polostrov.
Najvyšším vrchom Antarktídy je Vinson Massif, ktorý je vysoký 4 892 m n. m. Taktiež sa tu nachádza niekoľko činných, ale momentálne spiacich sopiek, z ktorých najznámejšia sa nazýva Mt. Erebus (vysoká 3 795 m n. m.).
95 % povrchu zaberá pevninský ľadovec, ktorý je miestami hrubý až 4 km. Ľad v Antarktíde tvorí až 90 % objemu všetkého ľadu na Zemi. Tento ľad vznikol postupným vrstvením snehových zrážok, ktoré sa pod vplyvom tlaku vyšších vrstiev postupne premieňali na ľadovec. Nachádza sa tu približne 145 podľadovcových jazier, z ktorých najväčšie je jazero Vostok[1].
Podnebie
Podnebie tohoto kontinentu je veľmi suché (150 – 200 mm zrážok ročne), čiže drvivú väčšinu územia tvorí polárna púšť. Taktiež tu bola nameraná aj najnižšia teplota na Zemi, konkrétne −89,2 °C, ktorú namerali na ruskej (vtedy sovietskej) výskumnej stanici Vostok. Sú tu dve ročné obdobia, dlhá a studená zima a krátke (max. 1 mesiac), studené (max. denné teploty do 7 °C) leto.
Dejiny
V minulosti sa Antarktídu snažilo kolonizovať 7 štátov (Čile, Argentína, Austrália, Nový Zéland, Francúzsko, Spojené kráľovstvo a Nórsko). Po podpísaní Zmluvy o mierovom a nekomerčnom využití Antarktídy v roku 1959 sa ale toto územie stalo medzinárodným (Antarktický zmluvný systém).
V súčasnosti sú jedinými stálymi obyvateľmi Antarktídy iba vedci (asi 5 000), ktorí pracujú približne na 70 výskumných staniciach. Najväčšou z nich je americká antarktická stanica McMurdo Station.
Prvým človekom, ktorý dosiahol južný pól bol nórsky bádateľ Roald Amundsen v roku 1911.

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